Manuscript Preparation Guidelines for the International Journal of Cyber Defense and Security (IJCDS) Authors are encouraged to follow these guidelines to ensure a smooth and efficient review and publication process for their submissions to IJCDS. Language Manuscripts must be written in English and submitted in MS Word format. Submissions should be sent online via email or through the journal's official submission portal. Length of Paper  Manuscripts should not exceed 25 pages, including all references, tables, and figures.  Submissions longer than 25 pages will be returned to authors for revision and abridgment.  Text should be double-spaced (including footnotes and references) and typed on one side of A4 paper with wide margins. Authors are encouraged to write clearly and concisely without compromising on clarity or accuracy. Title Page The title page should be a separate document preceding the main text of the manuscript. It must include the following information in the given order: 1. Title The title should be concise, meaningful, and free from formulas, abbreviations, or jargon to ensure clarity and searchability. 2. Author Names and Affiliations o Provide full names of all authors, clearly indicating family names. o Include authors' affiliation addresses where the research was conducted. Use lower- case superscript letters to link authors with their respective affiliations. o Provide the full postal address for each affiliation, including city, country, and email address. 3. Corresponding Author Clearly identify the corresponding author who will handle correspondence throughout the review, publication, and post-publication processes. Include their email address, telephone number (with country code), and full postal address. 4. Sponsoring Information If the research was funded or supported by any organization or institution, provide full sponsorship details. Abstract Each manuscript should be accompanied by an abstract not exceeding 150 words. The abstract should summarize the purpose of the study, the methodology employed, and the key findings. Since abstracts are often presented separately, they must be self-contained and understandable without reference to the main text. Keywords After the abstract, provide a list of up to 7 keywords that represent the main topics of the research. Avoid overly general terms, plurals, and abbreviations unless widely accepted in the field. Manuscript Structure Divide the manuscript into clearly defined and numbered sections for better readability. Subsections should be numbered hierarchically (e.g., 1, 1.1, 1.1.1). The abstract should not be included in the numbering. Figures, Legends, and Schemes  Include all figures, legends, and schemes at the end of the manuscript in the order they appear in the text.  Submit high-resolution graphics as separate files. Tables  Present tables at the end of the manuscript, numbered sequentially based on their appearance in the text.  Provide a clear description below each table.  Avoid duplicating information that is already presented elsewhere in the manuscript. Formulas Ensure that formulas are presented in a text size consistent with the main body of the manuscript. References Citations in the Text  Every reference cited in the text must appear in the reference list and vice versa.  Avoid citations in the abstract.  Unpublished results or personal communications should be mentioned in the text only and not in the reference list. Web References  Include full URLs and other relevant details such as author names, publication dates, and source information for web references.  Authors may choose to list web references separately after the reference list. Reference Format  Follow the American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style (7th Edition) for all citations and references.  For guidance, refer to the APA Publication Manual. Reference List  Arrange references alphabetically and chronologically where necessary.  For multiple references by the same author(s) in the same year, distinguish them with letters (e.g., 2025a, 2025b). General Formatting Notes 1. The manuscript should be formatted with consistent fonts and styles to ensure clarity and uniformity. 2. Authors are responsible for ensuring the accuracy of all references and bibliographic citations. 3. Ensure that data presented in the manuscript does not duplicate content across tables, figures, and text. By adhering to these guidelines, authors will help ensure the efficiency of the editorial process and maintain the high-quality standards expected of IJCDS publications.